Introduction

As we move through the latter half of 2025, a stark warning from Ireland’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has brought a critical, often invisible, workplace issue into sharp focus. The agency’s latest findings on air quality are clear: we are not doing enough to protect clean air across our towns, villages, and cities. While we might associate significant air pollution with megacities abroad, the EPA’s data confirms it is a pressing domestic issue. Their report highlights that fine particulate matter (PM2.5), primarily from burning solid fuels, contributes to an estimated 1,300 premature deaths in Ireland each year.

For business owners, managers, and safety officers, this is far more than an environmental headline; it is a fundamental workplace health and safety concern. The air your employees breathe has a direct, measurable impact on their long-term health, daily wellbeing, and productivity. This report should act as a crucial prompt for every Irish business to re-evaluate their responsibilities under law and consider how a proactive approach to environmental and occupational health can become a competitive advantage.

This definitive guide will break down the key findings of the EPA’s report, explain your legal obligations as an employer in detail, and provide a clear framework for action, linking it directly to the powerful benefits of robust management systems like ISO 45001 and ISO 14001.

A crucial takeaway from the report is that this is not an issue confined to major urban centres like Dublin or Cork. The EPA’s monitoring has shown that the highest levels of particulate pollution are frequently recorded in towns and villages across the country. You can monitor this in real-time using the official Air Quality Index for Ireland. This means that businesses operating anywhere in Ireland need to be acutely aware of the local air quality and its potential impact on their staff—particularly on employees with pre-existing health conditions.

Authoritative Link: You can read the full press release from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on their website to understand the specifics of their findings.

The health implications are severe. According to heal

Washing chicken before cooking removes bacteria.

The practice of washing chicken before cooking is a common misconception. In reality, washing chicken can inadvertently spread harmful bacteria, such as Campylobacter, around the kitchen through water droplets. This process, known as cross-contamination, can lead to foodborne illnesses. The FSA of Ireland strongly advises against washing chicken. The most effective method to eliminate bacteria is by cooking the chicken thoroughly to the recommended temperature. This ensures any harmful bacteria present are destroyed, making the chicken safe to eat.

Cross-contamination only happens on cutting boards.

The risk of cross-contamination extends far beyond just cutting boards. It’s a widespread kitchen hazard that can occur on any surface where food is prepared, including utensils, countertops, and even on your hands. Bacteria from raw foods can easily transfer to these surfaces and then to other foods, leading to contamination. This underscores the importance of maintaining proper kitchen hygiene, such as regularly washing hands, cleaning surfaces thoroughly, and using separate utensils for different types of foods, particularly when handling raw meats and vegetables.

Leftovers are safe to eat until they start smelling off.

Leftovers may not always give off a telltale bad smell even when they’re no longer safe to eat. Bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli, which can cause foodborne illnesses, often don’t produce any noticeable odor. It’s vital to store leftovers properly by refrigerating them promptly and consuming them within a recommended period, usually within two days. When reheating, ensure they reach a temperature of at least 75°C to kill any harmful bacteria present. This practice is supported by the article on reheating leftovers  provided by the Food Standard Agency, which emphasize the importance of temperature control in maintaining food safety.

Food poisoning is always immediate.

Directly refrigerating hot food can be risky as it may raise your fridge’s internal temperature, leading to a favorable environment for bacterial growth in other stored items. The advisable method is to let hot food cool down to room temperature before refrigerating. However, caution is needed to avoid leaving food out for too long at room temperature, where harmful bacteria can proliferate. The Food Standards Agency (FSA) offers guidance on managing food temperatures, emphasizing the importance of maintaining both the cold chain for refrigerated foods and the hot chain for heated foods, especially in a business context.

You can tell if a food is thoroughly cooked by its color.

Relying on the color of food as an indicator of doneness can be misleading and potentially unsafe. For example, meats can brown before reaching a temperature that is safe enough to kill harmful bacteria.  Poultry may turn white but still not be cooked to a safe temperature, and hamburger meat might brown before any harmful bacteria are eliminated. On the other hand, some foods, like vegetables or certain cuts of meat, might retain a vibrant or pinkish hue even when fully cooked. Similarly, some foods may appear undercooked when they are actually safe to eat. The most reliable method to determine if food has been cooked to a safe internal temperature is to use a food thermometer. This tool provides an accurate measurement, ensuring that food has reached the necessary temperature to kill off any harmful bacteria and is safe for consumption.

Raw cookie dough is safe to eat because it doesn’t contain meat.

Relying on the color of food as an indicator of doneness can be misleading and potentially unsafe. For example, meats can brown before reaching a temperature that is safe enough to kill harmful bacteria.  Poultry may turn white but still not be cooked to a safe temperature, and hamburger meat might brown before any harmful bacteria are eliminated. On the other hand, some foods, like vegetables or certain cuts of meat, might retain a vibrant or pinkish hue even when fully cooked. Similarly, some foods may appear undercooked when they are actually safe to eat. The most reliable method to determine if food has been cooked to a safe internal temperature is to use a food thermometer. This tool provides an accurate measurement, ensuring that food has reached the necessary temperature to kill off any harmful bacteria and is safe for consumption.

Raw cookie dough is safe to eat because it doesn’t contain meat.

The misconception that microwaving food automatically ensures the elimination of all bacteria can lead to unsafe food practices. The process of microwaving often results in uneven heating, creating areas within the food that do not get hot enough to kill bacteria. These “cold spots” are potential zones where harmful bacteria can survive. To ensure thorough heating in a microwave, it is important to follow specific cooking times, regularly stir or rotate the food for even heat distribution, and use a food thermometer to confirm that the food has reached a safe internal temperature. This approach is crucial for maintaining food safety when using a microwave. The Food Standards Agency provides detailed guidelines on safe microwave cooking, which are essential for anyone looking to use this appliance effectively and safely.

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